(NEED) panel.cfg with CIVA INS for BAC 1-11

[cstorey]

Benedettini : as I am one of only about 3 on this board who remembers this era , I will try and paint the picture of the late 60s -early 70s as I remember them. For over water navigation astro was the norm until the INS appeared, although some aircraft did have LORAN . The airways system in Europe was very much as it is now , except that the use of waypoints other than beacons was much more restricted , and was IIRC generally restricted to DME fixes on certain radials from VORs , or to crosscuts from 2 VORs . The primary navaid for long distance ( ie 100-150NM ) use was the VOR sometimes with DME and sometimes without . For local and approach use the NDBs were the norm to enable procedural establishment on an ILS approach. ILS was much less plentiful than it is now and there were a lot of non-precision approaches using NDBs , and also Surveillance Radar Approaches in which the track was monitored by radar , and height instructions were given at regular intervals ( eg "turn right 2 degrees, you are now 4 miles from touchdown, your height ( QFE was used then rather than QNH which is now the norm) should be 1200 feet") . SIDS were commonly based on intercepting a particular VOR radial at a given DME distance, although there were quite a number which used NDBs which was definitely more challenging particularly at night and even more particularly if there was thunderstorm activity around . It all required you to keep a plan view of the situation in your mind whereas now it is all laid out in front of you on a screen , and this was so even if you were given the luxury of Radar Vectoring to an ILS approach . Incidentally, the system in Russia was, and to some extent remains, largely NDB based . I expect Peter Maclelland who had far more experience than me can give a fuller picture, but this is an outline of what was, with increasing speeds, an interesting era in aviation

[Garry Russell]

Even in the days of the Canadair 4's BOAC preferred night flying over the desert so they could get star fixes as there was no nav aids

The Russians were still building glazed noses in the 60's tor aid visual navigation across large land masses.

All this must seem strange to the modern generation who only need fly along a line on a screen with all couse changes already coded in advance